Read full article in WebMediums

Second trimester hemorrhage: Premature placental abruption

The premature detachment of the placenta (PPD) or premature detachment of the placenta, belongs to the group of hemorrhages that can occur in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Placental abruption

In addition, it is estimated that the frequency of this pathological entity that compromises the life of the fetus has a presentation percentage between 0.52%-1.29%.

What is placental abruption?

It is the total or partial separation of a well inserted placenta, which can occur from the 28th week of gestation onwards, but before delivery.

Also, this pregnancy disease is linked to several risk factors such as, for example.

  • Mother with high blood pressure levels during pregnancy

  • Advanced maternal age

  • Multiparity

  • Multiple pregnancy

  • Mother with a history of diabetes mellitus or gestational diabetes

  • Smoking

  • Consumption of alcoholic beverages

Why does premature detachment of the placenta occur?

Basically, there are 4 theories that seek to explain the origin of this detachment.

What they do have in common, however, is that as the placenta detaches, blood automatically begins to pool, leading to the formation of a hematoma.

In turn, this hematoma will separate the placenta from the mother's blood vessels. Consequently, the fetus does not receive enough oxygenation.

Pregnancy

Theory 1. Uterine hypertonia

What happens is that the pressure of the muscular tissue of the uterus increases. Next, the myometrium will compress the blood vessels. Then the blood can reach the uterus, but it cannot return.

Consequently, this pressure "ruptures" the placenta and vessels, causing a retroplacental hematoma and placental abruption.

Theory 2. Vascular

This theory suggests that a degenerative process occurs in the arteries of the placenta, generating a rupture of these vessels and separation of the placenta.

Theory 3. Folates

In the folate theory, mention is made that the lack or defect of folate metabolism is responsible for the detachment of the placenta.

Theory 4. Trauma

Of all the theories this is the least likely. According to this theory, detachment can be caused by a direct impact on the maternal abdomen.

Also, some obstetric falls or maneuvers performed with an inadequate technique are included.

Symptoms of placental abruption

It is worth mentioning that whether it is a partial or total detachment, the blood can first accumulate before being externalized. Thus, the predominant symptoms are usually.

  • Vaginal bleeding, which is usually light, moderate and dark red.

  • Severe abdominal pain that starts suddenly.

  • Pallor

  • Hypotension

  • Tachycardia

  • Sweating

  • Loss of consciousness

In addition, the fetus may begin to experience acute fetal distress, which may manifest as fetal bradycardia.

Degrees of placental abruption

It ranges from grade 0 to grade IV. In this sense, grade 0 comprises the following aspects.

  • Clinically there is no involvement of the mother, the diagnosis is made postpartum.

  • It represents 20% of the cases.

On the other hand, grade I detachment includes the following items.

  • Genital bleeding

  • No fetal distress

  • 48% of cases

Now, grade III detachment is represented by the presence of the following symptoms.

  • Moderate bleeding

  • Abdominal pain

  • There is fetal distress

  • 27% of cases

Finally, in grade IV detachment the following events occur.

  • Maternal shock

  • Total detachment of the placenta

  • Fetal death

How is placental abruption diagnosed?

The diagnosis depends on the risk factors that the mother has. In addition to this, the signs that suggest a placental abruption.

Additionally, ultrasound can reveal findings, but it all depends on the location of the placenta. Also, the vitality of the fetus can be assessed.

Pregnant woman

Treatment of placental abruption

The resolution of the clinical picture depends on the volume of the hemorrhage and the gestational age.

In addition, there is no pattern to follow, each case must be individualized. The obstetrician must decide whether to perform an emergency cesarean section or vaginal delivery.

Complications of placental abruption

Complications that can occur are mainly due to blood loss. So the complications are.

  • Acute renal failure (ARF)

  • Blood clotting disorders

  • Renal tubule necrosis

Written by

Redactora

Discover all the information on healthy diets and the best foods to lose weight. Health advice, natural remedies and nutrition office.